April 15 marks a date that few Americans celebrate — National Tax Day. As the filing deadline for federal income taxes, Tax Day is a milestone that blends civic duty, personal finance, and often, a dose of last-minute panic.

The modern income tax system in the U.S. stems from the ratification of the 16th Amendment in 1913, granting Congress the authority to levy a federal income tax. Since then, the complexity of tax codes, deductions, credits, and digital filing systems has only grown.

For millions, April 15 is a stressful finale to weeks of calculations, receipt gathering, and double-checking deductions. But for others, it’s a time to reflect on the broader picture — how taxes fund everything from national defense and infrastructure to education and healthcare.

“It’s easy to focus on the burden,” says local CPA Susan Mendez, “but our tax system, for all its flaws, is part of what makes our country function.”

This year, the IRS has reported a higher-than-average number of early filers, likely due to continued improvements in online filing systems and tax software. However, tax scams and identity theft remain a concern, with the agency issuing repeated warnings about fraudulent calls and phishing emails posing as IRS representatives.

For those who missed the deadline, filing for an extension can buy more time, but it doesn’t exempt them from paying owed taxes on time. Financial advisors suggest setting reminders in January to prepare throughout the year, rather than scrambling in April.

As Americans hit “submit” on their tax returns, many are already dreaming of what to do with their refunds — whether it’s saving, investing, or indulging in a well-earned break.